I somehow find the concept of a general time series model strange. How can the same model predict egg prices in Italy, and global inflation in a reliable way?
And how would you even use this model, given that there are no explanations that help you trust where the prediction comes from…
That's what traditional time-series modelling does. This is a foundational model, which means it's just a neural network trained on lots of time series. (So maybe OP's question still stands? But it's the same question as "how can LLMs be good at so many different kinds of conversations?")
Because traditional time-series modelling (ARIMA, GARCH, ...) is too "simple" and "strict". Just like "simple" computer vision (OpenCV, edge-detection, ...) was crushed by neural networks when having to deal with real world images.
This seemed like a good answer at first. But on further thought, images on the whole really do seem to have quite a bit more standard structure / "grammar" to exploit compared to arbitrary time-series. Many images are of the world, where there is gravity so you might see preponderance of blobs at the bottom, or the repetitive types like people, animals, faces, eyes. Wildly abstract images still have some continuity, pixels in a neighborhood are likely to be similar.
Time series in general have none of this kind of structure that's strictly necessary. I'm sure that many real-world sensors typically have some gaussian distribution aspects + noise and/or smoothness and locality types of assumptions that are pretty safe, but presumably that simple stuff is exactly what traditional time-series modelling was exploiting.
Maybe the real question is just what kind of time-series are in the training data, and why do we think whatever implicit structure that is there actually generalizes? I mean, you can see how any training that mixes pictures of dogs and cats with picturing of people could maybe improve drawing hair, detecting hair, or let you draw people AND dogs. It's less clear to me how mixing sensor data / financial data / anything else together could be helpful.
> It's less clear to me how mixing sensor data / financial data / anything else together could be helpful.
Because many of these have the same underlying causal structures - humans doing things, weather correlations, holidays.
Well studied behavioral stuff like "the stock market takes the stairs up and the elevator down" which is not really captured by "traditional" modelling tools.
I'm sure people will be doing mechanical interpretation on these models to extract what they pattern match for prediction.
Personally, coming from an EE background and not finance or statistics, I would go about identifying these patterns with an Signals & Systems toolbox, like systems identification, various matched filters/classifiers.
This might be a totall wrong approach, but I think it might make sense to try to model a matched filter based on previous stock selloff/bullrun trigger events, and then see if the it has any predictive ability, likewise the market reaction seems to be usually some sort of delayed impulse-like activity, with the whales reacting quickly, and then a distribution of less savvy investors following up the signal with various delays.
I'm sure other smarter people have explored this approach much more in depth before me.
Except that their success in the time series domain has been rather lackluster and elusive. It will s one of the few domains where old school models are not only less work to maintain but also more accurate. There are a few exceptions here and there. Every year there are a few neural nets based challengers. You can follow the M series of computations from its start to see this evolution.
Maybe because useful time-series modeling is usually really about causal modeling? My understanding is that mediated causality in particular is still very difficult, where adding extra hops in the middle takes CoT performance from like 90% to 10%.
> Because many of these have the same underlying causal structures - humans doing things, weather correlations, holidays.
Or, you know, maybe they aren't. Thermometers and photon counts are related to weather sometimes, but not holidays. Holidays are related to traffic sensors and to markets, but not Geiger counters.
> Well studied behavioral stuff like "the stock market takes the stairs up and the elevator down" which is not really captured by "traditional" modelling tools.
Prices are the opposite, up like a shot during shocks, falling slowly like a feather. So that particular pattern seems like a great example of over-fitting danger and why you wouldn't expect mixing series of different types to be work very well.
Electricity demand is influenced very strongly by holidays, strongly by weather and from weak to strong by geopolitics (depending on location).
The model will have a library of patterns, and will be able to pattern match subtle ones to deduce "this time series has the kind of micro-patterns which appear in strongly weather influenced time-series", and use this to activate the weather pattern cluster.
To use your example, when served thermometer data, the model notices that the holiday pattern cluster doesn't activate/match at all, and will ignore it.
And then it makes sense to train it on the widest possible time series, so it can build a vast library of patterns and find correlations of activation between them.
I totally agree with the sentiment but from what I can tell, I’d say they tend happen immediately before or after markets open and close. Essentially, and to their maximum, screwing absolutely everyone who isn’t in the clique from participating in the trade.
FWIW— the only sure fire way to win the trade is to buy time and assume both gross incompetence and negligence when it comes action. The only caveat is if the markets tank enough, this administration will signal capitulation before hand, e.g. Trump mildly capitulating on tariffs last April after the markets proceed to relentlessly defecate themselves.
0-DTE options are typically, and for good reason, stupid gambles. But, right now they can’t even be considered gambling, because there’s zero chance of winning. Not just bad odds, but no odds. Again just signaling how truly malicious this admin is and its disdain for anyone and everyone not close to them.
I am not familiar with time series models, but judging from your answer, it would be necessary to feed long time series into this model for it to detect trends. What is a token here? Can it, for the lack of a better example, take in all intraday movements of a stock for a day, a week, a month, etc?
I tend to avoid time series forecasting when I can help it because I find it hard to communicate to stakeholders that a neural network (or another method) is not an oracle.
If you are talking about granularity of observations, it would depend on what you are trying to predict (the price in an hour or the price in 12 months?) and how quickly you need the prediction (100ms? Tomorrow morning?). If I had infinite data I would use granularity as a hyper parameter and tune that to a level that produced the best test results.
I am for example currently using weekly averages for non-price data forecasting. I could use daily data but weekly is absolutely adequate for this purpose.
You could abstract speech or other audio as a series of sounds, where time is indeed a factor. Speech, however, has patterns that are more similar to written language than to seasonal patterns that are typically assumed in time series.
While trained on different data, the architecture of TimesFM is actually similar to LLMs. But not identical, as pointed out at https://research.google/blog/a-decoder-only-foundation-model...:
> Firstly, we need a multilayer perceptron block with residual connections to convert a patch of time-series into a token that can be input to the transformer layers along with positional encodings (PE).
> [...]
> Secondly, at the other end, an output token from the stacked transformer can be used to predict a longer length of subsequent time-points than the input patch length, i.e., the output patch length can be larger than the input patch length.
If "seasonal patterns" is the thing that differentiates between these two data sources, then perhaps time series models should be called seasonal models?
Do these models predict on just a single time series then?
it is far more useful for predictions to look for correlations between time series. This is far more complex than looking for correlations in general because most time series trend up or down and therefore correlate.
It is an issue because bitcoin is highly unpredictable.
These tools are good at predicting timeseries that are in fact quite predictable. Like insurances will use this to estimate the number of people who will die from cancer in the next year, the year after that, and so on up to 50 years in the future. The model will extrapolate the progresses made in cancer treatment from the current trend, etc. It is a prediction, cause it's still possible that a breakthrough comes in and suddenly people don't die from a certain form of cancer, but generally it should be roughly correct.
Bitcoin prices are a lot more chaotic, influenced by a ton of unrelated events that shape its path a certain way. There is absolutely no certainty that studying the shape of its past evolution will help in any way understand its future evolution.
Of course here I mean by studying its price alone. If you add more information, like who's behind each trend and why, you have a much better sense of what could happen next.
ar(k) stuff, sure. that's old news. i would expect the newfangled stuff to be good at 0-shot learning of pre-event signatures spread across multiple series, at a minimum.
My understanding is that the synthetic training data helps capture abstract time-series patterns that are common in all domains.
As they say in appendix 8:
> We create the synthetic data to reflect common time-series patterns using traditional statistical models. We start with four simple times series patterns:
> • Piece-wise linear trends (I), where the number of the piece-wise linear components is randomly chosen between 2 and 8.
> • ARMA(p, q) (II), where 1 ≤ p, q ≤ 8 and the corresponding coefficients are generated from either a multivariate Gaussian or a uniform, then normalized.
> • Seasonal patterns. In particular we create the sine (III) and the cosine (IV) waves of different random periods between 4 and max context length / 2 time-points and time delays.
If there were no such underlying patterns in the class of all time-series data, then even the idea of traditional time-series models would be fundamentally misplaced.
And since this is a transformer model, it also looks for patterns in the problem-specific input data at inference time, just like how the input context to an LLM influences its output's relevance.
When I worked on Google Ads, we used time series forecasting to compute the odds of an ad campaign reaching its goal (and to tell users how likely they were to hit them).
A ton of (unsophisticated) advertisers would just draw a line from zero to the number they are at today and project that line to the end of the month to forecast the amount of conversions/spend they were going to hit. This of course doesn't take into account various seasonalities (day-of-week, time-of-year, etc.) and gives you a pretty poor forecast. Compared to those, time-series forecasting is much more accurate.
Is it perfectly accurate? No, that's impossible. But when you can train a model on all advertising campaigns, you can give good 95% confidence intervals.
So, predict sign (branch predictors in modern CPUs also use neural networks of sorts), exponent (most probably it changes slowly) and then predict mantissa using Benford's law.
It still doesn't pretty well on text. And we have newer formats and ideas that would also deal with that. (To be really dead simple: have a minimal container format that decides between png or jpg, use png for text.)
However: white noise is where it really struggles. But real pictures of the real world don't look like white noise. Even though in some sense white noise is the most common type of picture a priori.
Similar for real world time series: reality mostly doesn't look like white noise.
I have a very peculiar coin. With 1% probability it turns up heads and with 99% probability it turns up tails.
A string of flips is random, but it's very compressible.
In any case, my point was that reality ain't uniformly random. And not only that: pretty much anything you can point your camera at shares enough similarity in their distribution that we pretty much have universal compression algorithms for real world data.
"curve-fitting" has a long history (centuries old) and could be regarded more as a numerical method issue.
Rigorous understanding of what is over fitting, techniques to avoid it and select the right complexity of the model, etc, are much newer. This is a statistical issue.
My point is that forecasting isn't curve fitting, even thought curve fitting is one element of it.
Wish they gave some numbers for total GPU hours to train this model, seems comparatively tiny when compared to LLMs so interested to know how close this is to something trainable by your average hobbyist/university/small lab
So the time series are provided with no context? It's just trained on lots of sets of numbers? Then you give it a new set of numbers and it guesses the rest, again with no context?
My guess as to how this would work: the machine will first guess from the data alone if this is one of the categories it has already seen/inferred (share prices, google trend cat searches etc.) Then it'll output a plausible completion for the category.
That doesn't seem as if it will work well for any categories outside the training data. I would rather just use either a simple model (ARIMA or whatever) or a theoretically-informed model. But what do I know.
If it works for predicting the next token in a very long stream of tokens, why not. The question is what architecture and training regimen it needs to generalize.
I think I'm in the same boat as you are, in preferring more conventional approaches to time series analysis.
I'm curious as to how this would compare to having an actual statistician work on your data, because I feel that time series work is as much an art as it is a science. To start, selection of an appropriate timeframe is always important to ensure our data doesn't resemble either white noise or a random walk, and that we've given the response time of our data appropriate consideration! I find that people unfamiliar with statistics miss this point - I get people asking why I might use a weekly or biweekly timeframe for data when they reckon I should be using hourly or daily data. Selection of appropriate predictors is also important for multivariate time series and I have no idea how this model approaches that.
I also have questions about how interpretable the results outputted by this model are. With a more "traditional" model, I can easily look at polyroot or the [P/E]ACF, as well as various other diagnostic tools, and select a relatively simple model that results in a decent 95% prediction interval. I've always been very wary of black box models simply because I wouldn't be able to explain any findings derived from them well.
From skimming the blog post, is MAE all they're using for measuring the output quality?
The Cisco Time Series model is inspired by this model from Google. This one is targeted at observability data and I can confirm it works great in that context https://github.com/splunk/cisco-time-series-model
Let's say I have long time series of past solar irradiation and long time series of past weather forecasts. Can this model make use of weather forecasts for time X in the future to predict electricity prices in the future?
That is, can it use one time series at time X to predict another time series at time X?
Or is this strictly about finding patterns WITHIN a time series.
The paper suggests it’s for forecasting. How this doesn’t just represent the relatively small number of training samples isn’t obvious to me. If most of the time series for training go up and to the right then I assume that’s what the model will (generally) do, but who knows.
Same with all tech scams, Even if you magically assume that they could solve their problem with this tech why on earth would they give it to the public, for free or for a price. Alphabet would just become the best quantitative hedgefund in the world.
I'm willing to bet an intelligent LLM with a dataset and a pandas stats package could outperform this model by running its own experiments and making predictions
109 comments
And how would you even use this model, given that there are no explanations that help you trust where the prediction comes from…
They decompose a time series into trends, seasonality and residuals. That’s what they are actually modelling.
They cannot predict wars in the Middle East influencing inflation unless there is a seasonal pattern(s).
> They cannot predict wars in the Middle East influencing inflation unless there is a seasonal pattern(s).
well...
(for those who are lost: https://x.com/onionweigher/status/1936630237208469898)
Born too late to deploy to the Middle East.
Born just in time to deploy to the Middle East.
Time series in general have none of this kind of structure that's strictly necessary. I'm sure that many real-world sensors typically have some gaussian distribution aspects + noise and/or smoothness and locality types of assumptions that are pretty safe, but presumably that simple stuff is exactly what traditional time-series modelling was exploiting.
Maybe the real question is just what kind of time-series are in the training data, and why do we think whatever implicit structure that is there actually generalizes? I mean, you can see how any training that mixes pictures of dogs and cats with picturing of people could maybe improve drawing hair, detecting hair, or let you draw people AND dogs. It's less clear to me how mixing sensor data / financial data / anything else together could be helpful.
> It's less clear to me how mixing sensor data / financial data / anything else together could be helpful.
Because many of these have the same underlying causal structures - humans doing things, weather correlations, holidays.
Well studied behavioral stuff like "the stock market takes the stairs up and the elevator down" which is not really captured by "traditional" modelling tools.
I'm sure people will be doing mechanical interpretation on these models to extract what they pattern match for prediction.
This might be a totall wrong approach, but I think it might make sense to try to model a matched filter based on previous stock selloff/bullrun trigger events, and then see if the it has any predictive ability, likewise the market reaction seems to be usually some sort of delayed impulse-like activity, with the whales reacting quickly, and then a distribution of less savvy investors following up the signal with various delays.
I'm sure other smarter people have explored this approach much more in depth before me.
> Because many of these have the same underlying causal structures - humans doing things, weather correlations, holidays.
Or, you know, maybe they aren't. Thermometers and photon counts are related to weather sometimes, but not holidays. Holidays are related to traffic sensors and to markets, but not Geiger counters.
> Well studied behavioral stuff like "the stock market takes the stairs up and the elevator down" which is not really captured by "traditional" modelling tools.
Prices are the opposite, up like a shot during shocks, falling slowly like a feather. So that particular pattern seems like a great example of over-fitting danger and why you wouldn't expect mixing series of different types to be work very well.
The model will have a library of patterns, and will be able to pattern match subtle ones to deduce "this time series has the kind of micro-patterns which appear in strongly weather influenced time-series", and use this to activate the weather pattern cluster.
To use your example, when served thermometer data, the model notices that the holiday pattern cluster doesn't activate/match at all, and will ignore it.
And then it makes sense to train it on the widest possible time series, so it can build a vast library of patterns and find correlations of activation between them.
FWIW— the only sure fire way to win the trade is to buy time and assume both gross incompetence and negligence when it comes action. The only caveat is if the markets tank enough, this administration will signal capitulation before hand, e.g. Trump mildly capitulating on tariffs last April after the markets proceed to relentlessly defecate themselves.
0-DTE options are typically, and for good reason, stupid gambles. But, right now they can’t even be considered gambling, because there’s zero chance of winning. Not just bad odds, but no odds. Again just signaling how truly malicious this admin is and its disdain for anyone and everyone not close to them.
New season of scrubs = new war in the middle east.
If you are talking about granularity of observations, it would depend on what you are trying to predict (the price in an hour or the price in 12 months?) and how quickly you need the prediction (100ms? Tomorrow morning?). If I had infinite data I would use granularity as a hyper parameter and tune that to a level that produced the best test results.
I am for example currently using weekly averages for non-price data forecasting. I could use daily data but weekly is absolutely adequate for this purpose.
Or other low-dimensional time domain signals?
> Firstly, we need a multilayer perceptron block with residual connections to convert a patch of time-series into a token that can be input to the transformer layers along with positional encodings (PE).
> [...]
> Secondly, at the other end, an output token from the stacked transformer can be used to predict a longer length of subsequent time-points than the input patch length, i.e., the output patch length can be larger than the input patch length.
it is far more useful for predictions to look for correlations between time series. This is far more complex than looking for correlations in general because most time series trend up or down and therefore correlate.
I genuinely want to know. Thank you
These tools are good at predicting timeseries that are in fact quite predictable. Like insurances will use this to estimate the number of people who will die from cancer in the next year, the year after that, and so on up to 50 years in the future. The model will extrapolate the progresses made in cancer treatment from the current trend, etc. It is a prediction, cause it's still possible that a breakthrough comes in and suddenly people don't die from a certain form of cancer, but generally it should be roughly correct.
Bitcoin prices are a lot more chaotic, influenced by a ton of unrelated events that shape its path a certain way. There is absolutely no certainty that studying the shape of its past evolution will help in any way understand its future evolution.
Of course here I mean by studying its price alone. If you add more information, like who's behind each trend and why, you have a much better sense of what could happen next.
As they say in appendix 8:
> We create the synthetic data to reflect common time-series patterns using traditional statistical models. We start with four simple times series patterns:
> • Piece-wise linear trends (I), where the number of the piece-wise linear components is randomly chosen between 2 and 8.
> • ARMA(p, q) (II), where 1 ≤ p, q ≤ 8 and the corresponding coefficients are generated from either a multivariate Gaussian or a uniform, then normalized.
> • Seasonal patterns. In particular we create the sine (III) and the cosine (IV) waves of different random periods between 4 and max context length / 2 time-points and time delays.
If there were no such underlying patterns in the class of all time-series data, then even the idea of traditional time-series models would be fundamentally misplaced.
And since this is a transformer model, it also looks for patterns in the problem-specific input data at inference time, just like how the input context to an LLM influences its output's relevance.
A ton of (unsophisticated) advertisers would just draw a line from zero to the number they are at today and project that line to the end of the month to forecast the amount of conversions/spend they were going to hit. This of course doesn't take into account various seasonalities (day-of-week, time-of-year, etc.) and gives you a pretty poor forecast. Compared to those, time-series forecasting is much more accurate.
Is it perfectly accurate? No, that's impossible. But when you can train a model on all advertising campaigns, you can give good 95% confidence intervals.
So, predict sign (branch predictors in modern CPUs also use neural networks of sorts), exponent (most probably it changes slowly) and then predict mantissa using Benford's law.
- decomposition: discover a more general form of Fourrier transform to untangle the underlying factors
- memorization: some patterns are recurrent in many domains such as power low
- multitask: exploit cross-domain connections such as weather vs electricity
> How can the same model predict egg prices in Italy, and global inflation in a reliable way?
How can the same lossy compression algorithm (eg JPG) compress pictures of everything in a reliable way?
Text and anything with lots of high frequency components looks terrible
However: white noise is where it really struggles. But real pictures of the real world don't look like white noise. Even though in some sense white noise is the most common type of picture a priori.
Similar for real world time series: reality mostly doesn't look like white noise.
A string of flips is random, but it's very compressible.
In any case, my point was that reality ain't uniformly random. And not only that: pretty much anything you can point your camera at shares enough similarity in their distribution that we pretty much have universal compression algorithms for real world data.
Or just search for the James-Stein paradox.
> predict egg prices in Italy, and global inflation in a reliable way?
Easy, both go up.
The problem isn’t domain generalization, it’s that we keep pretending these models have any notion of what the data means.
People ask how one model can understand everything, but that assumes there’s any understanding involved at all.
At some point you have to ask: how much of “forecasting” is actually anything more than curve fitting with better marketing?
Rigorous understanding of what is over fitting, techniques to avoid it and select the right complexity of the model, etc, are much newer. This is a statistical issue.
My point is that forecasting isn't curve fitting, even thought curve fitting is one element of it.
TPUv5e with 16 tensor cores for 2 days for the 200M param model.
Claude reckons this is 60 hours on a 8xA100 rig, so very accessibile compared to LLMs for smaller labs
My guess as to how this would work: the machine will first guess from the data alone if this is one of the categories it has already seen/inferred (share prices, google trend cat searches etc.) Then it'll output a plausible completion for the category.
That doesn't seem as if it will work well for any categories outside the training data. I would rather just use either a simple model (ARIMA or whatever) or a theoretically-informed model. But what do I know.
I'm curious as to how this would compare to having an actual statistician work on your data, because I feel that time series work is as much an art as it is a science. To start, selection of an appropriate timeframe is always important to ensure our data doesn't resemble either white noise or a random walk, and that we've given the response time of our data appropriate consideration! I find that people unfamiliar with statistics miss this point - I get people asking why I might use a weekly or biweekly timeframe for data when they reckon I should be using hourly or daily data. Selection of appropriate predictors is also important for multivariate time series and I have no idea how this model approaches that.
I also have questions about how interpretable the results outputted by this model are. With a more "traditional" model, I can easily look at polyroot or the [P/E]ACF, as well as various other diagnostic tools, and select a relatively simple model that results in a decent 95% prediction interval. I've always been very wary of black box models simply because I wouldn't be able to explain any findings derived from them well.
From skimming the blog post, is MAE all they're using for measuring the output quality?
That is, can it use one time series at time X to predict another time series at time X?
Or is this strictly about finding patterns WITHIN a time series.
I always had difficulties with ML and time series, I'll need to try that out.
https://moment-timeseries-foundation-model.github.io/
https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815
A friend at work used one to predict when our CEO would post in Slack, which is verry entertaining to see if correct.
[1] https://priorlabs.ai/tabpfn
There is infinitely more entropy in the real world out there than any model can even remotely capture.
The world is not minecraft.